报酬递减
锚也会引发报酬递减现象,尤其是牵涉到金钱时。钱越多,似乎就越不值钱。你对100美元钞票的感觉取决于你自己的贫富程度。如果你破产了,100美元就是所有身家。如果你是杰夫·贝佐斯,100美元都不值得弯腰去捡。银行的存款可以作为心理锚,影响你对新增收入的心理判断。每多出1美元,你就感觉越不值钱。
除了资金财产,这样的锚也会影响其他判断。品牌可以在顾客消费时创建一个锚,从而降低你对支付价格的判断。范例之一就是附加定价。一支数位笔100美元听起来太贵了,但如果刚刚花了2000美元买了一台微软Surface Pro,那么再多花100美元就会感觉无关痛痒了。
宝马等德国汽车厂商尤其擅长这一点。假设你因为升职想奖励自己,于是花68000美元买了一辆宝马M3。选择不错!如果你不怕超速罚单,毅然决然选择红色(因为这个颜色太扎眼,警察最容易注意到),那么你就乖乖掏钱吧。正因如此,宝马竟然能向你收取汽车外观费!只要多付550美元,你就可以买到红色M3。考虑到没有“无色”车,真可惜啊!
宝马自信你会为此买单,于是先加500美元买无线充电器和蓝牙,然后加300美元用于连接你的苹果设备(真的),200美元用于加热方向盘,1100美元用于车镜扣盖,再加430美元用于将烤架漆成黑色。雪球越滚越大。为什么呢?因为你已经花了将近七万美元买车,多加几百美元又算什么呢?无论什么时候,像买车或买房这样的大笔支出,心理锚越大,价值判断就会更易受到影响。相比起来,其他东西似乎都微不足道。当价值数字化时,计算并不是凭空的。取而代之的是,我们对价值的认知被参考值左右,这个参考值就是锚。这个参考值有时是最近购买的价格,有时是一组选项,有时是附近的一个随机数字。所以我们可以长个教训,大脑不会天然去寻找物品的客观价值,而是去寻找数字,无论那些数字多不相关,我们对物品的价值认知都要建立在那些数字上。
无论是数字锚还是心理锚,它们之所以存在是因为我们自发的需要。现在,不计其数的数据点充斥着我们的生活。打个比方,世界曾经就是一条土路,偶尔有路标,但现在已经大变样,有汽车、行人、自行车道、滑板、红绿灯、人行横道、街道标志、停放的汽车、停车计费器、消防栓、路牙石,有门、窗、涂鸦和标志性的建筑物。如果没有锚找出捷径,让大脑优先处理各种信息,我们可能永远都不想出门。
消费世界尤其繁杂,广告牌、电视商业广告、商业广播、社交媒体广告、文章点赞和各大赞助商比比皆是。难怪我们越来越容易分心,不能集中注意力,所以激励品牌根据大脑的锚定效应进行设计。如何不让品牌抓住我们的注意力呢?现代世界纷纷杂杂,受到过度刺激、负担过重的大脑要么找借口将替代选择拒之门外,要么依赖方便的数字锚进行价值判断。
法国哲学家西蒙妮·魏尔(Simone Weil)说得对:“注意力是最罕见、最纯粹的慷慨形式。”了解锚如何运作,有利于我们对最有价值的资源重新进行评估判断。对待品牌营销不再束手无策,起码让品牌有耕耘才有收获。
[1] C. Escera, K. Alho, I. Winkler, et al.,“Neural Mechanisms of Involuntary Attention to Acoustic Novelty and Change,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10 (1998): 590-604.
[2] M. Milosavljevic, V. Navalpakkam, C. Koch, et al.,“Relative Visual Saliency Differences Induce Sizable Bias in Consumer Choice,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 22 , no. 1 (2012): 67-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.10.002.
[3] Milosavljevic et al.,“Relative Visual Saliency Differences.”
[4] Felicity Murray,“Special Report: Vodka Packaging Design,” the drink sreport , September 13, 2013, https://www.thedrinksreport.com/news/2013/15045-special-report-vodka-packaging-design.html.
[5] Katie Calautti, phone interview with the authors, February 28, 2019.
[6] Macegrove,“Cadbury’s Gorilla Advert,”video, 1:30, Aug 31, 2017, https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=TnzFRV1LwIo.
[7] Nikki Sandison,“Cadbury’s Drumming Gorilla Spawns Facebook Group,”Campaign, September 11, 2007, https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/cadburys-drumming-goril- la-spawns-facebook-group/737270.
[8] “Cadbury’s Ape Drummer Hits the Spot,”Campaign Media Week, September 25, 2007, https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/brand-barometer-cadburys-ape-drummer- hits-spot/740054.
[9] A. Gallagher, R. Beland, P. Vannasing, et al.,“Dissociation of the N400 Component between Linguistic and Non-linguistic Processing: A Source Analysis Study,” World Journal of Neuroscience 4 (2014): 25-39.
[10] M. Kutas and K. D. Federmeier,“Thirty Years and Counting: Finding Meaning in the N400 Component of the Event-Related Brain Potential (ERP),” Annual Review of Psychology 62 (2011): 621-47.
[11] Dan Hughes,“6 of the Most Memorable Digital Marketing Campaigns of 2018…So Far,” Digital Marketing Institute , accessed November 28, 2019, https://digitalmarket- inginstitute.com/en-us/the-insider/6-of-the-most-memorable-digital-marketing-cam- paigns-of-2018.
[12] Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin,“Failure to Detect Changes to People during a Re- al-World Interaction,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 5, no. 4 (1998): 644–49, https:// msu.edu/course/psy/802/snapshot.afs/altmann/802/Ch2-4a-SimonsLevin98.pdf.
[13] Daniel Simons,“The ‘Door’ Study,”video, 1:36, March 13, 2010, https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=FWSxSQsspiQ.
[14] Daniel J. Simons and Christopher F. Chabris,“Gorillas in our midst: sustained inat- tentional blindness for dynamic events,” Perception 28 (1999): 1059–74, http://www. chabris.com/Simons1999.pdf.
[15] Daniel Simons,“Selective Attention Test,”video, 1:21, March 10, 2010, https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo.
[16] William Poundstone, Priceless: The Myth of Fair Value (and How to Take Advantage of It) (New York: Hill and Wang, 2011), 15; Brian Wansink, Robert J. Kent, and Stephen J. Hoch,“An Anchoring and Adjustment Model of Purchase Quantity Decisions,” Journal of Marketing Research 35 (February 1998): 71-81.
[17] Wansink, Kent, and Hoch,“Anchoring and Adjustment Model.”